Who were the Sumerians?

The Sumerians were the people who dominated ancient Mesopotamia and are recognized for developing key cultural elements such as writing, urban planning, and early forms of governance. They established one of the world’s earliest civilizations around the fertile region of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, contributing significantly to human history through innovations like cuneiform writing, which allowed for the recording of their language and administration. Additionally, they are noted for building city-states that featured advanced architecture, complex societies, and advancements in mathematics and astronomy. This foundational role in cultural, technological, and political development laid the groundwork for subsequent civilizations in the region.