Which historical figure is known as the last pharaoh of Egypt?

Cleopatra is recognized as the last pharaoh of Egypt due to her reign during the Ptolemaic Kingdom, which marked the final period of ancient Egyptian rule before the Roman conquest. She ascended to the throne in 51 BC and is well-known for her political acumen, relationships with prominent Roman leaders, and attempts to restore Egypt to its former glory. Her reign exemplifies a significant era in which Egypt was still culturally rich but politically vulnerable, ultimately leading to its annexation by Rome after her death in 30 BC.

The other figures mentioned, while historically significant, are not connected to Egypt in the same way. Caesar Augustus was the first Roman emperor and significantly shaped Rome’s empire but did not rule Egypt as its pharaoh. Confucius was a Chinese philosopher whose teachings primarily impacted East Asia, and Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman involved in Egyptian affairs but was never a pharaoh. Cleopatra’s unique position as the last monarch of her lineage marks her as an essential figure in both Egyptian history and the broader narrative of Hellenistic influence in the ancient world.